Eben Emael

Eben Emael

Posted: Nov 22, 2008 | Updated: Mar 20, 2023

Eben Emael is a preserved underground fortress near the Albert Canal between Liege and Maastricht and defended the Belgian-German border before World War 2. On 10 May 1940, 78 paratroopers (fallschirmjager) landed on the fortress with gliders and set about destroying the defences and rendering the fort useless. One day later, they were reinforced and on 11th May the fortress surrendered.

Eben Emael, was Belgium's hope to defend the eastern side from invasion and charged with defending or destroying three key bridges. It also gave protection to the south of what was called the Gap of Vise near the Dutch border. The fortress was only completed in 1935, being sited between the river and the canal that bypassed it. With its steel and concrete cupolas, Fort Eben Emael was thought to be impenetrable.

However, the Germans understood that an invasion of Western Europe would require speed lest it be bogged down in attritional warfare as in WW1. Obstacles such as Eban Emael could be a significant impediment hence Germany had rehearsed assaulting a full-scale mock up of the fort's exterior in occupied Czechoslovakia. It would have been difficult to parachute a large number of men into the area and still achieve surprise so the glider was used for the first time in warfare. Also new was the top secret shaped charge ('hollow charge') bombs to penetrate the cupolas.

This operation has gone down as one of the most innovative plans of the war and also allowed the Germans to pass unhindered into Belgium right at the start of 'Fall Gelb' (Case Yellow), the German invasion of Western Europe.


The Highlights

  1. Tunnels and barracks under the fort which was big enough to house over 1000 soldiers, yet was neutralised with just 78 paratroopers.
  2. Casemates and turrets that can be seen walking on the top of the fort and around the outside. The gliders landed on the top and from here the defences were neutralised.

Posted: Nov 22, 2008 | Updated: Feb 22, 2022

Opening the door to France

When I first read about the attack on Eben Emael fort by the first military use of gliders I found it hard to understand how this could have been performed. However, there is no better way of understanding a battle than to walk over the ground it was fought on.

The fortress is underground with a number of artillery casemates and cupolas on the surface. Most of the surface though is just open field and though some trees now cover the top, much is still uncovered and it is apparent how gliders managed to land here so precisely. The Belgians never expected a glider attack and therefore did not place obstacles to such a landing. Once the Germans had landed, speed and aggression allowed them to quickly place the new (hollow) type of charges to disable the Belgian artillery pieces.

As impressive as the tunnel complex is, all the Germans had to do was to disable the guns and to keep the Belgians trapped underground. With the guns disabled the fort no longer fulfilled any function. Within hours, an outnumbered attacking force overcame what was supposed to be an impregnable fortress and the door to France was kicked open with minimal but brilliant effort.

1) Fortress Main Entrance
2) Fortress Approach
3) Main Entrance Closeup
4) Belgian Army Memorial
5) Barrack Block
6) Tunnels under Eben Emael
7) Artillery Emplacement

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